From d0dd9bd3c5a7c5188d3f803a5fd3b6f051a800d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Mamta Wardhani Date: Wed, 21 May 2025 16:08:19 +0530 Subject: [PATCH 1/3] [Edit] SQL: DATEDIFF() --- .../concepts/dates/terms/datediff/datediff.md | 191 ++++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 154 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-) diff --git a/content/sql/concepts/dates/terms/datediff/datediff.md b/content/sql/concepts/dates/terms/datediff/datediff.md index 66f952e9b2e..9426633b080 100644 --- a/content/sql/concepts/dates/terms/datediff/datediff.md +++ b/content/sql/concepts/dates/terms/datediff/datediff.md @@ -1,72 +1,189 @@ --- Title: 'DATEDIFF()' -Description: 'Calculates and returns the difference between two date values. Available in SQL Server and MySQL.' +Description: 'Calculates the difference between two date or timestamp values and returns the result as an integer.' Subjects: - - 'Data Science' + - 'Computer Science' + - 'Web Development' Tags: - 'Database' - 'Date' - - 'Queries' - - 'MySQL' - - 'SQL Server' + - 'Functions' + - 'SQL' CatalogContent: - 'learn-sql' - 'paths/analyze-data-with-sql' - - 'paths/design-databases-with-postgresql' --- -**`DATEDIFF()`** is a function found in SQL Server and MySQL that calculates and returns the difference between two date values. +The **`DATEDIFF()`** function calculates the difference between two date or timestamp values and returns the result as an integer in a specified unit of time. This powerful function allows developers and analysts to easily measure time intervals between dates, which is essential for reporting, data analysis, and application development. -## SQL Server Syntax +`DATEDIFF()` serves as a cornerstone for date-based calculations in SQL Server, enabling users to perform operations like calculating ages, measuring durations of events, determining time elapsed between transactions, and creating date-based business metrics. Its versatility makes it invaluable for virtually any application that deals with temporal data. + +## Syntax ```pseudo -DATEDIFF(datePart, date1, date2) +DATEDIFF(interval, date1, date2) ``` -The `DATEDIFF()` function in SQL Server has three required parameters: +**Parameters:** + +- `interval`: The time unit in which the difference will be calculated. Valid values include: + - `year`, `yy`, `yyyy`: Years + - `quarter`, `qq`, `q`: Quarters + - `month`, `mm`, `m`: Months + - `dayofyear`, `dy`, `y`: Day of the year + - `day`, `dd`, `d`: Days + - `week`, `wk`, `ww`: Weeks + - `hour`, `hh`: Hours + - `minute`, `mi`, `n`: Minutes + - `second`, `ss`, `s`: Seconds + - `millisecond`, `ms`: Milliseconds + - `microsecond`, `mcs`: Microseconds + - `nanosecond`, `ns`: Nanoseconds +- `date1`: The start date for the calculation. Can be a date, datetime, datetime2, smalldatetime, or time data type, or an expression that resolves to one of these types. +- `date2`: The end date for the calculation. Can be a date, datetime, datetime2, smalldatetime, or time data type, or an expression that resolves to one of these types. + +**Return value:** -- `datePart` is the part of the date to return. It can be one of the following formats: - - Year: `year`, `yyyy`, `yy` - - Quarter: `quarter`, `qq`, `q` - - Week: `week`, `ww`, `wk` - - Weekday: `weekday`, `dw`, `w` - - Second: `second`, `ss`, `s` - - Month: `month`, `mm`, `m` - - Minute: `minute`, `mi`, `n` - - Millisecond: `millisecond`, `ms` - - Hour: `hour`, `hh` - - Day of Year: `dayofyear` - - Day: `day`, `dy`, `y` -- `date1` and `date2` are the dates to compare. It can be in several formats, one being the `yyyy/mm/dd` format. +The `DATEDIFF()` function returns an integer representing the number of time units (specified by the interval parameter) between date1 and date2. -### Example 1 +## Example 1: Basic Date Difference Calculation -The following example calculates the difference in months between `2020/05/18` and `2022/05/18`: +This example demonstrates how to calculate the difference between two dates in various time intervals: ```sql -SELECT DATEDIFF(month, '2020/05/18', '2022/05/18'); /* Output: 24 */ +-- Calculate difference between two dates in years, months, and days +SELECT + DATEDIFF(year, '2020-01-15', '2023-09-20') AS YearDiff, + DATEDIFF(month, '2020-01-15', '2023-09-20') AS MonthDiff, + DATEDIFF(day, '2020-01-15', '2023-09-20') AS DayDiff; ``` -### Example 2 +Output produced by this code will be: + +| YearDiff | MonthDiff | DayDiff | +| -------- | --------- | ------- | +| 3 | 44 | 1344 | + +This example calculates the difference between January 15, 2020, and September 20, 2023, in years, months, and days. The results show there are 3 years, 44 months, or 1344 days between these dates. + +## Example 2: Calculating Age in Years -The following example returns the difference in seconds between `2021/09/30 08:22:04` and `2021/09/30 08:25:06`: +This example demonstrates how to use `DATEDIFF()` to calculate a person's age in years from their birthdate. ```sql -SELECT DATEDIFF(second, '2021/09/30 08:22:04', '2021/09/30 08:25:06'); /* Output: 182 */ +-- Create a sample table with employee data +CREATE TABLE Employees ( + EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY, + FirstName VARCHAR(50), + LastName VARCHAR(50), + BirthDate DATE, + HireDate DATE +); + +-- Insert sample data +INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, BirthDate, HireDate) +VALUES + (1, 'John', 'Smith', '1985-06-15', '2010-03-20'), + (2, 'Sarah', 'Johnson', '1992-11-30', '2015-07-10'), + (3, 'Michael', 'Brown', '1978-02-23', '2005-09-15'); + +-- Calculate ages as of current date +SELECT + EmployeeID, + FirstName + ' ' + LastName AS EmployeeName, + BirthDate, + DATEDIFF(year, BirthDate, GETDATE()) AS Age +FROM + Employees +ORDER BY + Age DESC; ``` -## MySQL Syntax +The output generated by this code will be: -MySQL only requires two date parameters in the `DATEDIFF()` function and will return the number of days between `date1` and `date2`. +| EmployeeID | EmployeeName | BirthDate | Age | +| ---------- | ------------- | ---------- | --- | +| 3 | Michael Brown | 1978-02-23 | 47 | +| 1 | John Smith | 1985-06-15 | 39 | +| 2 | Sarah Johnson | 1992-11-30 | 32 | -```pseudo -DATEDIFF(date1, date2) -``` +This example shows how to calculate an employee's age by finding the difference in years between their birthdate and the current date. Note that this calculation provides the raw year difference and doesn't account for whether the birthday has occurred yet in the current year. -### Example +## Example 3: Business Metrics with `DATEDIFF()` -The following example returns the difference in days between `2019-07-05` and `2018-12-24`: +This example demonstrates how to use `DATEDIFF()` for business reporting metrics, such as calculating order processing times and identifying delayed shipments. ```sql -SELECT DATEDIFF("2019-07-05", "2018-12-24"); /* Output: 193 */ +-- Create sample orders table +CREATE TABLE Orders ( + OrderID INT PRIMARY KEY, + CustomerID INT, + OrderDate DATETIME, + ShipDate DATETIME, + DeliveryDate DATETIME +); + +-- Insert sample data +INSERT INTO Orders (OrderID, CustomerID, OrderDate, ShipDate, DeliveryDate) +VALUES + (1001, 101, '2023-01-10 09:30:00', '2023-01-11 14:15:00', '2023-01-15 11:20:00'), + (1002, 102, '2023-01-12 13:45:00', '2023-01-13 10:30:00', '2023-01-14 16:45:00'), + (1003, 103, '2023-01-15 11:20:00', '2023-01-18 09:45:00', '2023-01-22 13:10:00'), + (1004, 104, '2023-01-16 14:55:00', '2023-01-17 16:30:00', '2023-01-21 09:30:00'), + (1005, 105, '2023-01-18 10:15:00', NULL, NULL); + +-- Calculate processing, shipping, and total handling times +SELECT + OrderID, + OrderDate, + ShipDate, + DeliveryDate, + -- Processing time (from order to shipment) + DATEDIFF(hour, OrderDate, ShipDate) AS ProcessingHours, + -- Shipping time (from shipment to delivery) + DATEDIFF(day, ShipDate, DeliveryDate) AS ShippingDays, + -- Total time (from order to delivery) + DATEDIFF(day, OrderDate, DeliveryDate) AS TotalDays, + -- Identify delayed shipments (processing > 24 hours) + CASE + WHEN DATEDIFF(hour, OrderDate, ShipDate) > 24 THEN 'Delayed' + ELSE 'On Time' + END AS ShipmentStatus +FROM + Orders +WHERE + ShipDate IS NOT NULL; ``` + +The output of this code will be: + +| OrderID | OrderDate | ShipDate | DeliveryDate | ProcessingHours | ShippingDays | TotalDays | ShipmentStatus | +| ------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | --------------- | ------------ | --------- | -------------- | +| 1001 | 2023-01-10 09:30:00 | 2023-01-11 14:15:00 | 2023-01-15 11:20:00 | 29 | 4 | 5 | Delayed | +| 1002 | 2023-01-12 13:45:00 | 2023-01-13 10:30:00 | 2023-01-14 16:45:00 | 21 | 1 | 2 | On Time | +| 1003 | 2023-01-15 11:20:00 | 2023-01-18 09:45:00 | 2023-01-22 13:10:00 | 70 | 4 | 7 | Delayed | +| 1004 | 2023-01-16 14:55:00 | 2023-01-17 16:30:00 | 2023-01-21 09:30:00 | 26 | 4 | 5 | Delayed | + +This example demonstrates how `DATEDIFF()` can be used to calculate important business metrics for order processing. The query calculates the processing time in hours, shipping time in days, and total handling time in days. It also identifies delayed shipments based on processing times exceeding 24 hours. + +## Frequently Asked Questions + +### 1. How to calculate date difference between two dates in SQL? + +In SQL Server, use the `DATEDIFF()` function with an appropriate interval parameter like day, month, or year. For example, `DATEDIFF(day, '2023-01-01', '2023-01-15')` will return 14 days. + +### 2. Does `DATEDIFF()` include both the start and end dates in its calculation? + +`DATEDIFF()` counts the number of interval boundaries crossed between the two dates. For example, when using 'day', it counts the number of midnight boundaries crossed, not the full 24-hour periods. + +### 3. Why does `DATEDIFF(year, '2022-12-31', '2023-01-01')` return 1 even though it's just one day apart? + +Because `DATEDIFF()` counts calendar boundaries, not complete intervals. Since the dates span across a year boundary, it returns 1 year, even though the difference is only one day. + +### 4. Does `DATEDIFF()` take time zones into account? + +No, SQL Server's `DATEDIFF()` does not account for time zones or daylight saving time transitions. All calculations are done in the server's local time zone. + +### 5. Can I use `DATEDIFF()` with time-only values? + +Yes, you can use time data types with `DATEDIFF()`, but only with time-related intervals like second, minute, and hour. Using day or larger intervals with time-only values will always return 0. From 9f5c19b395cbdcf9e0abd067a634bc9778ddb33c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Mamta Wardhani Date: Wed, 21 May 2025 16:09:54 +0530 Subject: [PATCH 2/3] Update datediff.md --- .../concepts/dates/terms/datediff/datediff.md | 191 ++++-------------- 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 154 deletions(-) diff --git a/content/sql/concepts/dates/terms/datediff/datediff.md b/content/sql/concepts/dates/terms/datediff/datediff.md index 9426633b080..66f952e9b2e 100644 --- a/content/sql/concepts/dates/terms/datediff/datediff.md +++ b/content/sql/concepts/dates/terms/datediff/datediff.md @@ -1,189 +1,72 @@ --- Title: 'DATEDIFF()' -Description: 'Calculates the difference between two date or timestamp values and returns the result as an integer.' +Description: 'Calculates and returns the difference between two date values. Available in SQL Server and MySQL.' Subjects: - - 'Computer Science' - - 'Web Development' + - 'Data Science' Tags: - 'Database' - 'Date' - - 'Functions' - - 'SQL' + - 'Queries' + - 'MySQL' + - 'SQL Server' CatalogContent: - 'learn-sql' - 'paths/analyze-data-with-sql' + - 'paths/design-databases-with-postgresql' --- -The **`DATEDIFF()`** function calculates the difference between two date or timestamp values and returns the result as an integer in a specified unit of time. This powerful function allows developers and analysts to easily measure time intervals between dates, which is essential for reporting, data analysis, and application development. +**`DATEDIFF()`** is a function found in SQL Server and MySQL that calculates and returns the difference between two date values. -`DATEDIFF()` serves as a cornerstone for date-based calculations in SQL Server, enabling users to perform operations like calculating ages, measuring durations of events, determining time elapsed between transactions, and creating date-based business metrics. Its versatility makes it invaluable for virtually any application that deals with temporal data. - -## Syntax +## SQL Server Syntax ```pseudo -DATEDIFF(interval, date1, date2) +DATEDIFF(datePart, date1, date2) ``` -**Parameters:** - -- `interval`: The time unit in which the difference will be calculated. Valid values include: - - `year`, `yy`, `yyyy`: Years - - `quarter`, `qq`, `q`: Quarters - - `month`, `mm`, `m`: Months - - `dayofyear`, `dy`, `y`: Day of the year - - `day`, `dd`, `d`: Days - - `week`, `wk`, `ww`: Weeks - - `hour`, `hh`: Hours - - `minute`, `mi`, `n`: Minutes - - `second`, `ss`, `s`: Seconds - - `millisecond`, `ms`: Milliseconds - - `microsecond`, `mcs`: Microseconds - - `nanosecond`, `ns`: Nanoseconds -- `date1`: The start date for the calculation. Can be a date, datetime, datetime2, smalldatetime, or time data type, or an expression that resolves to one of these types. -- `date2`: The end date for the calculation. Can be a date, datetime, datetime2, smalldatetime, or time data type, or an expression that resolves to one of these types. - -**Return value:** +The `DATEDIFF()` function in SQL Server has three required parameters: -The `DATEDIFF()` function returns an integer representing the number of time units (specified by the interval parameter) between date1 and date2. +- `datePart` is the part of the date to return. It can be one of the following formats: + - Year: `year`, `yyyy`, `yy` + - Quarter: `quarter`, `qq`, `q` + - Week: `week`, `ww`, `wk` + - Weekday: `weekday`, `dw`, `w` + - Second: `second`, `ss`, `s` + - Month: `month`, `mm`, `m` + - Minute: `minute`, `mi`, `n` + - Millisecond: `millisecond`, `ms` + - Hour: `hour`, `hh` + - Day of Year: `dayofyear` + - Day: `day`, `dy`, `y` +- `date1` and `date2` are the dates to compare. It can be in several formats, one being the `yyyy/mm/dd` format. -## Example 1: Basic Date Difference Calculation +### Example 1 -This example demonstrates how to calculate the difference between two dates in various time intervals: +The following example calculates the difference in months between `2020/05/18` and `2022/05/18`: ```sql --- Calculate difference between two dates in years, months, and days -SELECT - DATEDIFF(year, '2020-01-15', '2023-09-20') AS YearDiff, - DATEDIFF(month, '2020-01-15', '2023-09-20') AS MonthDiff, - DATEDIFF(day, '2020-01-15', '2023-09-20') AS DayDiff; +SELECT DATEDIFF(month, '2020/05/18', '2022/05/18'); /* Output: 24 */ ``` -Output produced by this code will be: - -| YearDiff | MonthDiff | DayDiff | -| -------- | --------- | ------- | -| 3 | 44 | 1344 | - -This example calculates the difference between January 15, 2020, and September 20, 2023, in years, months, and days. The results show there are 3 years, 44 months, or 1344 days between these dates. - -## Example 2: Calculating Age in Years +### Example 2 -This example demonstrates how to use `DATEDIFF()` to calculate a person's age in years from their birthdate. +The following example returns the difference in seconds between `2021/09/30 08:22:04` and `2021/09/30 08:25:06`: ```sql --- Create a sample table with employee data -CREATE TABLE Employees ( - EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY, - FirstName VARCHAR(50), - LastName VARCHAR(50), - BirthDate DATE, - HireDate DATE -); - --- Insert sample data -INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, BirthDate, HireDate) -VALUES - (1, 'John', 'Smith', '1985-06-15', '2010-03-20'), - (2, 'Sarah', 'Johnson', '1992-11-30', '2015-07-10'), - (3, 'Michael', 'Brown', '1978-02-23', '2005-09-15'); - --- Calculate ages as of current date -SELECT - EmployeeID, - FirstName + ' ' + LastName AS EmployeeName, - BirthDate, - DATEDIFF(year, BirthDate, GETDATE()) AS Age -FROM - Employees -ORDER BY - Age DESC; +SELECT DATEDIFF(second, '2021/09/30 08:22:04', '2021/09/30 08:25:06'); /* Output: 182 */ ``` -The output generated by this code will be: +## MySQL Syntax -| EmployeeID | EmployeeName | BirthDate | Age | -| ---------- | ------------- | ---------- | --- | -| 3 | Michael Brown | 1978-02-23 | 47 | -| 1 | John Smith | 1985-06-15 | 39 | -| 2 | Sarah Johnson | 1992-11-30 | 32 | +MySQL only requires two date parameters in the `DATEDIFF()` function and will return the number of days between `date1` and `date2`. -This example shows how to calculate an employee's age by finding the difference in years between their birthdate and the current date. Note that this calculation provides the raw year difference and doesn't account for whether the birthday has occurred yet in the current year. +```pseudo +DATEDIFF(date1, date2) +``` -## Example 3: Business Metrics with `DATEDIFF()` +### Example -This example demonstrates how to use `DATEDIFF()` for business reporting metrics, such as calculating order processing times and identifying delayed shipments. +The following example returns the difference in days between `2019-07-05` and `2018-12-24`: ```sql --- Create sample orders table -CREATE TABLE Orders ( - OrderID INT PRIMARY KEY, - CustomerID INT, - OrderDate DATETIME, - ShipDate DATETIME, - DeliveryDate DATETIME -); - --- Insert sample data -INSERT INTO Orders (OrderID, CustomerID, OrderDate, ShipDate, DeliveryDate) -VALUES - (1001, 101, '2023-01-10 09:30:00', '2023-01-11 14:15:00', '2023-01-15 11:20:00'), - (1002, 102, '2023-01-12 13:45:00', '2023-01-13 10:30:00', '2023-01-14 16:45:00'), - (1003, 103, '2023-01-15 11:20:00', '2023-01-18 09:45:00', '2023-01-22 13:10:00'), - (1004, 104, '2023-01-16 14:55:00', '2023-01-17 16:30:00', '2023-01-21 09:30:00'), - (1005, 105, '2023-01-18 10:15:00', NULL, NULL); - --- Calculate processing, shipping, and total handling times -SELECT - OrderID, - OrderDate, - ShipDate, - DeliveryDate, - -- Processing time (from order to shipment) - DATEDIFF(hour, OrderDate, ShipDate) AS ProcessingHours, - -- Shipping time (from shipment to delivery) - DATEDIFF(day, ShipDate, DeliveryDate) AS ShippingDays, - -- Total time (from order to delivery) - DATEDIFF(day, OrderDate, DeliveryDate) AS TotalDays, - -- Identify delayed shipments (processing > 24 hours) - CASE - WHEN DATEDIFF(hour, OrderDate, ShipDate) > 24 THEN 'Delayed' - ELSE 'On Time' - END AS ShipmentStatus -FROM - Orders -WHERE - ShipDate IS NOT NULL; +SELECT DATEDIFF("2019-07-05", "2018-12-24"); /* Output: 193 */ ``` - -The output of this code will be: - -| OrderID | OrderDate | ShipDate | DeliveryDate | ProcessingHours | ShippingDays | TotalDays | ShipmentStatus | -| ------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | --------------- | ------------ | --------- | -------------- | -| 1001 | 2023-01-10 09:30:00 | 2023-01-11 14:15:00 | 2023-01-15 11:20:00 | 29 | 4 | 5 | Delayed | -| 1002 | 2023-01-12 13:45:00 | 2023-01-13 10:30:00 | 2023-01-14 16:45:00 | 21 | 1 | 2 | On Time | -| 1003 | 2023-01-15 11:20:00 | 2023-01-18 09:45:00 | 2023-01-22 13:10:00 | 70 | 4 | 7 | Delayed | -| 1004 | 2023-01-16 14:55:00 | 2023-01-17 16:30:00 | 2023-01-21 09:30:00 | 26 | 4 | 5 | Delayed | - -This example demonstrates how `DATEDIFF()` can be used to calculate important business metrics for order processing. The query calculates the processing time in hours, shipping time in days, and total handling time in days. It also identifies delayed shipments based on processing times exceeding 24 hours. - -## Frequently Asked Questions - -### 1. How to calculate date difference between two dates in SQL? - -In SQL Server, use the `DATEDIFF()` function with an appropriate interval parameter like day, month, or year. For example, `DATEDIFF(day, '2023-01-01', '2023-01-15')` will return 14 days. - -### 2. Does `DATEDIFF()` include both the start and end dates in its calculation? - -`DATEDIFF()` counts the number of interval boundaries crossed between the two dates. For example, when using 'day', it counts the number of midnight boundaries crossed, not the full 24-hour periods. - -### 3. Why does `DATEDIFF(year, '2022-12-31', '2023-01-01')` return 1 even though it's just one day apart? - -Because `DATEDIFF()` counts calendar boundaries, not complete intervals. Since the dates span across a year boundary, it returns 1 year, even though the difference is only one day. - -### 4. Does `DATEDIFF()` take time zones into account? - -No, SQL Server's `DATEDIFF()` does not account for time zones or daylight saving time transitions. All calculations are done in the server's local time zone. - -### 5. Can I use `DATEDIFF()` with time-only values? - -Yes, you can use time data types with `DATEDIFF()`, but only with time-related intervals like second, minute, and hour. Using day or larger intervals with time-only values will always return 0. From 9eb79495f522cddb542e9af342acb57aee3d1509 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Mamta Wardhani Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2025 16:08:17 +0530 Subject: [PATCH 3/3] [Edit] NumPy: `.ceil()` --- .../concepts/math-methods/terms/ceil/ceil.md | 51 ++++++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/content/numpy/concepts/math-methods/terms/ceil/ceil.md b/content/numpy/concepts/math-methods/terms/ceil/ceil.md index 0c1ccf7e589..fcc70330d60 100644 --- a/content/numpy/concepts/math-methods/terms/ceil/ceil.md +++ b/content/numpy/concepts/math-methods/terms/ceil/ceil.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- Title: '.ceil()' -Description: 'Rounds each element in an array to the nearest greater integer.' +Description: 'Rounds each element in a NumPy array up to the nearest greater or equal integer.' Subjects: - 'Computer Science' - 'Data Science' @@ -19,17 +19,23 @@ In NumPy, the **`.ceil()`** [function](https://www.codecademy.com/resources/docs ## Syntax ```pseudo -numpy.ceil(input_value, out=None, where=True) +numpy.ceil(x, out=None, where=True) ``` -- `input_value`: The input array or scalar that contains the elements to be rounded up. +**Parameters:** + +- `x`: The input array or scalar that contains the elements to be rounded up. - `out` (Optional): A location where the result will be stored. If no value is provided, a new array is returned. - `where` (Optional): A boolean array that specifies the condition for rounding. - If the condition is `True` at a given position, the element will be rounded. - If the condition is `False`, the original value is retained. - If no value is provided, the `.ceil()` function is applied to all elements. -## Example 1 +**Return value:** + +The `.ceil()` function returns a NumPy array with the smallest integers greater than or equal to each element in `x`, returned as floats. + +## Example 1: Basic Usage of `.ceil()` This example demonstrates using the `.ceil()` function to round an array of floating-point numbers up to the nearest greater integer: @@ -52,7 +58,7 @@ The above code results in the following output: [ 2. 3. -0. -3.] ``` -## Example 2 +## Example 2: Using the `where` parameter in `.ceil()` This example shows how the `where` parameter of `.ceil()` can be used to apply rounding only to certain elements of the array. In this case, only the positive numbers are rounded: @@ -75,19 +81,38 @@ The above code results in the following output: [ 2. 3. -0.2 -3.1] ``` -## Codebyte Example +## Codebyte Example: Calculating Shipping Boxes -In this codebyte example, the `.ceil()` function rounds the elements in an array of floating-point numbers: +Suppose there is a list of item weights, and each shipping box can carry up to 10 kg. The following example uses `numpy.ceil()` to calculate how many boxes will be needed for each order: ```codebyte/python -# Importing the 'numpy' library as 'np' import numpy as np -# Creating an array of floating-point numbers -arr = np.array([1.2, 2.5, -0.3, -1.9, 3.7]) +# List of weights (in kg) +weights = np.array([9.5, 20.3, 14.7, 5.0, 0.9]) -# Applying the '.ceil()' function -result = np.ceil(arr) +# Each box carries 10 kg +boxes_needed = np.ceil(weights / 10) -print(result) +print("Boxes required for each order:", boxes_needed) ``` + +## Frequently Asked Questions + +### 1. What is the difference between `numpy.ceil()` and `numpy.floor()`? + +- `numpy.ceil()` rounds up to the nearest higher integer. +- `numpy.floor()` rounds down to the nearest lower integer. + +### 2. Does `numpy.ceil()` return integers? + +No. Even though the result is a whole number, it is returned as a float. + +### 3. Can `numpy.ceil()` be used with negative numbers? + +Yes. For negative values, it still rounds up toward zero. + +### 4. How is `numpy.ceil()` different from Python’s `math.ceil()`? + +- `math.ceil()` works with a single float value and returns an int. +- `numpy.ceil()` works on arrays and returns a NumPy array of floats.