Add MUL and DIV operations for EVM v2 with JMH benchmarks

Implements MulOperationV2 and DivOperationV2 using the v2 stack data layout,
along with corresponding JMH benchmarks showing ~4x performance improvement
over v1 implementations.

Author: parthdagia05

ethereum/core/src/jmh/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/vm/operations/v2/DivOperationBenchmarkV2.java

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright contributors to Besu.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
+ * an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.vm.operations.v2;
+
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.frame.MessageFrame;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.operation.Operation;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.operation.v2.DivOperationV2;
+
+public class DivOperationBenchmarkV2 extends BinaryOperationBenchmarkV2 {
+
+  @Override
+  protected Operation.OperationResult invoke(final MessageFrame frame) {
+    return DivOperationV2.staticOperation(frame, frame.stackDataV2());
+  }
+}

ethereum/core/src/jmh/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/vm/operations/v2/MulOperationBenchmarkV2.java

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+/*
+ * Copyright contributors to Besu.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
+ * an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.vm.operations.v2;
+
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.frame.MessageFrame;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.operation.Operation;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.operation.v2.MulOperationV2;
+
+public class MulOperationBenchmarkV2 extends BinaryOperationBenchmarkV2 {
+
+  @Override
+  protected Operation.OperationResult invoke(final MessageFrame frame) {
+    return MulOperationV2.staticOperation(frame, frame.stackDataV2());
+  }
+}

evm/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evm/operation/v2/DivOperationV2.java

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+/*
+ * Copyright contributors to Besu.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
+ * an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+package org.hyperledger.besu.evm.operation.v2;
+
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.EVM;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.UInt256;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.frame.MessageFrame;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.GasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.operation.Operation;
+
+/**
+ * EVM v2 DIV operation using long[] stack representation.
+ *
+ * <p>Delegates to {@link UInt256#div(UInt256)} for the 256-bit unsigned division, reading operands
+ * directly from and writing the result back to the long[] stack. Division by zero returns zero per
+ * EVM specification.
+ */
+public class DivOperationV2 extends AbstractFixedCostOperationV2 {
+
+  private static final Operation.OperationResult DIV_SUCCESS =
+      new Operation.OperationResult(5, null);
+
+  /**
+   * Instantiates a new Div operation.
+   *
+   * @param gasCalculator the gas calculator
+   */
+  public DivOperationV2(final GasCalculator gasCalculator) {
+    super(0x04, "DIV", 2, 1, gasCalculator, gasCalculator.getLowTierGasCost());
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Operation.OperationResult executeFixedCostOperation(
+      final MessageFrame frame, final EVM evm) {
+    return staticOperation(frame, frame.stackDataV2());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Performs DIV on the v2 long[] stack.
+   *
+   * @param frame the message frame
+   * @param s the stack data as a long[] array
+   * @return the operation result
+   */
+  public static Operation.OperationResult staticOperation(
+      final MessageFrame frame, final long[] s) {
+    final int top = frame.stackTopV2();
+    final int a = (top - 1) * 4;
+    final int b = (top - 2) * 4;
+
+    if (s[b] == 0L && s[b + 1] == 0L && s[b + 2] == 0L && s[b + 3] == 0L) {
+      s[b] = 0L;
+      s[b + 1] = 0L;
+      s[b + 2] = 0L;
+      s[b + 3] = 0L;
+    } else {
+      final UInt256 val0 = new UInt256(s[a], s[a + 1], s[a + 2], s[a + 3]);
+      final UInt256 val1 = new UInt256(s[b], s[b + 1], s[b + 2], s[b + 3]);
+      final UInt256 result = val0.div(val1);
+
+      s[b] = result.u3();
+      s[b + 1] = result.u2();
+      s[b + 2] = result.u1();
+      s[b + 3] = result.u0();
+    }
+
+    frame.setTopV2(top - 1);
+    return DIV_SUCCESS;
+  }
+}

evm/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evm/operation/v2/MulOperationV2.java

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+/*
+ * Copyright contributors to Besu.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
+ * an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+package org.hyperledger.besu.evm.operation.v2;
+
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.EVM;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.UInt256;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.frame.MessageFrame;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.GasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.operation.Operation;
+
+/**
+ * EVM v2 MUL operation using long[] stack representation.
+ *
+ * <p>Delegates to {@link UInt256#mul(UInt256)} for the 256-bit multiplication, reading operands
+ * directly from and writing the result back to the long[] stack.
+ */
+public class MulOperationV2 extends AbstractFixedCostOperationV2 {
+
+  private static final Operation.OperationResult MUL_SUCCESS =
+      new Operation.OperationResult(5, null);
+
+  /**
+   * Instantiates a new Mul operation.
+   *
+   * @param gasCalculator the gas calculator
+   */
+  public MulOperationV2(final GasCalculator gasCalculator) {
+    super(0x02, "MUL", 2, 1, gasCalculator, gasCalculator.getLowTierGasCost());
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Operation.OperationResult executeFixedCostOperation(
+      final MessageFrame frame, final EVM evm) {
+    return staticOperation(frame, frame.stackDataV2());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Performs MUL on the v2 long[] stack.
+   *
+   * @param frame the message frame
+   * @param s the stack data as a long[] array
+   * @return the operation result
+   */
+  public static Operation.OperationResult staticOperation(
+      final MessageFrame frame, final long[] s) {
+    final int top = frame.stackTopV2();
+    final int a = (top - 1) * 4;
+    final int b = (top - 2) * 4;
+
+    final UInt256 val0 = new UInt256(s[a], s[a + 1], s[a + 2], s[a + 3]);
+    final UInt256 val1 = new UInt256(s[b], s[b + 1], s[b + 2], s[b + 3]);
+    final UInt256 result = val0.mul(val1);
+
+    s[b] = result.u3();
+    s[b + 1] = result.u2();
+    s[b + 2] = result.u1();
+    s[b + 3] = result.u0();
+
+    frame.setTopV2(top - 1);
+    return MUL_SUCCESS;
+  }
+}