Rollup merge of #76084 - Lucretiel:split-buffered, r=dtolnay

Refactor io/buffered.rs into submodules

This pull request splits `BufWriter`, `BufReader`, `LineWriter`, and `LineWriterShim` (along with their associated tests) into separate submodules. It contains no functional changes. This change is being made in anticipation of adding another type of buffered writer which can be switched between line- and block-buffering mode.

Part of a series of pull requests resolving #60673.

Author: Dylan-DPC