test: test Node.js 24 in CI

[cjihrig]

Which problem is this PR solving?

Testing on the latest version of Node.js

Fixes # N/A

Short description of the changes

Node.js v24 was recently released. This change adds it to the CI. (Adapted from 34a2dd5)

Type of change

• Bug fix?

How Has This Been Tested?

• Let's see what GitHub Actions says. The full test suite does not run locally for Node 23 or 24.

Checklist:

• Followed the style guidelines of this project

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 95.03%. Comparing base (697e1d3) to head (4b5a0ed).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #5661   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   95.03%   95.03%           
=======================================
  Files         310      310           
  Lines        7992     7992           
  Branches     1614     1614           
=======================================
  Hits         7595     7595           
  Misses        397      397           

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[trentm]

This looks good to me, but I'll defer to @JamieDanielson on whether it would help to wait on merging this until her larger #5665 (in progress) is finished and merged.

[legendecas]

#5665 was merged and there is no conflicts.

[opentelemetrybot]

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