[workspace] Upgrade gz_math_internal to latest release 8.2.0

[Aiden2244]

Towards #23138

Reason for exclusion: fails locally.

ERROR: Traceback (most recent call last):
	File "/home/local/KHQ/aiden.mccormack/.cache/bazel/_bazel_aiden.mccormack/d8f67396fa92625d9dd7f1218b66f6d2/external/+internal_repositories+gz_math_internal/BUILD.bazel", line 133, column 24, in <toplevel>
		check_lists_consistency(
	File "/home/local/KHQ/aiden.mccormack/drake-aiden2244/drake/tools/workspace/check_lists_consistency.bzl", line 24, column 13, in check_lists_consistency
		fail("The following files matched a glob of upstream sources, but " +
Error in fail: The following files matched a glob of upstream sources, but were not covered by the package.BUILD.bazel file: ["include/gz/math/AxisAlignedBoxHelpers.hh", "include/gz/math/detail/AxisAlignedBoxHelpers.hh"]
ERROR: /home/local/KHQ/aiden.mccormack/drake-aiden2244/drake/bindings/pydrake/multibody/BUILD.bazel:557:23: in genquery rule //bindings/pydrake/multibody:install_lint_genquery_install: errors were encountered while computing transitive closure of the scope: no such target '@@+internal_repositories+gz_math_internal//:install': target 'install' not declared in package '' defined by /home/local/KHQ/aiden.mccormack/.cache/bazel/_bazel_aiden.mccormack/d8f67396fa92625d9dd7f1218b66f6d2/external/+internal_repositories+gz_math_internal/BUILD.bazel
ERROR: /home/local/KHQ/aiden.mccormack/drake-aiden2244/drake/bindings/pydrake/multibody/BUILD.bazel:557:23: Analysis of target '//bindings/pydrake/multibody:install_lint_genquery_install' failed
ERROR: Analysis of target '//bindings/pydrake/multibody:py/install_lint' failed; build aborted: Analysis failed
INFO: Elapsed time: 0.989s
INFO: 0 processes.
ERROR: Build did NOT complete successfully
ERROR: Fetching some target dependencies failed with errors: Analysis of target '//bindings/pydrake/multibody:py/install_lint' failed; build aborted: in genquery rule //bindings/pydrake/multibody:install_lint_genquery_install: errors were encountered while computing transitive closure of the scope: no such target '@@+internal_repositories+gz_math_internal//:install': target 'install' not declared in package '' defined by /home/local/KHQ/aiden.mccormack/.cache/bazel/_bazel_aiden.mccormack/d8f67396fa92625d9dd7f1218b66f6d2/external/+internal_repositories+gz_math_internal/BUILD.bazel

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This change is 

[jwnimmer-tri]

+@rpoyner-tri for pushing fixes, please.

[jwnimmer-tri]

both pending CI.

Reviewed 1 of 1 files at r1, 1 of 1 files at r2, all commit messages.
Reviewable status: LGTM missing from assignee rpoyner-tri(platform), commits need curation (https://drake.mit.edu/reviewable.html#curated-commits) (waiting on @Aiden2244)

[rpoyner-tri]

+(status: squashing now)

Reviewable status: LGTM missing from assignee rpoyner-tri(platform)

[rpoyner-tri]

Reviewable status: complete! all discussions resolved, LGTM from assignees rpoyner-tri(platform),jwnimmer-tri(platform)